Membrane systems have been used in specialized
applications for more than 30 years, largely for water
treatment (distillery wastewater), including desalination
of seawater and brackish water. With technical
advances and corresponding cost reductions, membrane
systems are now capable of decontaminating waters
(including treated wastewaters) in single step processes
at competitive costs. About two-thirds of the market
will be for water, and one-third for wastewater.
Membrane technologies are receiving special
recognition as alternatives to conventional water
treatment and as a means of polishing treated
wastewater effluent for reuse applications. Membrane
technologies are energy intensive. New membrane
technologies feature the use of low pressure systems
that significantly reduce energy use and operation and
maintenance costs