of living with HF have been of great interest to nurse
researchers who have explored these outcomes with
both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.^''^''
Several quantitative studies have explored different
factors thought to affect HRQoL. An issue for these
studies is that different conceptualizations and measurement
tools of HRQoL are used. The majority of
studies define HRQoL as multidimensional and
either use multiple instruments to measure different
dimensions, or a single instrument that includes multiple
components.