In order to better understand the ‘meaning’ of the scores reported by the Thai principals, we
refer the reader to the literature reviewed earlier in this report. We noted that numerous PIMRS
‘role set studies’ had found that principals consistently rate themselves higher on the PIMRS than
their teachers (Hallinger, 2011a; Hallinger and Lee, 2013; Hallinger et al., 2012). Although we did
not have access to teacher ratings of the principals in the 2008 dataset, the dissertations had collected
data from teachers as well as principals. Therefore, we decided to examine teacher perceptions
of the principals’ instructional leadership in the earlier studies in order to see whether they
might offer additional perspective on this issue.