Beyond the established effects of muscle loading on bone, a complex network of hormones and growth
factors integrates these adjacent tissues. One such hormone, vitamin D, exerts broad-ranging effects in
muscle and bone calcium handling, differentiation and development. Vitamin D also modulates muscle
and bone-derived hormones, potentially facilitating cross-talk between these tissues. In the clinical setting,
vitamin D deficiency or mutations of the vitamin D receptor result in generalized atrophy of muscle and
bone, suggesting coordinated effects of vitamin D at these sites. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence
that vitamin D exerts specific effects throughout the life of the musculoskeletal system – in
development, aging and injury. From this holistic viewpoint, we offer new insights into an old debate:
whether vitamin D’s effects in the musculoskeletal system are direct via local VDR signals or indirect via
its systemic effects in calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
Beyond the established effects of muscle loading on bone, a complex network of hormones and growthfactors integrates these adjacent tissues. One such hormone, vitamin D, exerts broad-ranging effects inmuscle and bone calcium handling, differentiation and development. Vitamin D also modulates muscleand bone-derived hormones, potentially facilitating cross-talk between these tissues. In the clinical setting,vitamin D deficiency or mutations of the vitamin D receptor result in generalized atrophy of muscle andbone, suggesting coordinated effects of vitamin D at these sites. In this review, we discuss emerging evidencethat vitamin D exerts specific effects throughout the life of the musculoskeletal system – indevelopment, aging and injury. From this holistic viewpoint, we offer new insights into an old debate:whether vitamin D’s effects in the musculoskeletal system are direct via local VDR signals or indirect viaits systemic effects in calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
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