Chapter 11: General Morbidity and All-Cause Mortality
1. The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship
between smoking and diminished overall health.
Manifestations of diminished overall health among
smokers include self-reported poor health, increased
absenteeism from work, and increased health care
utilization and cost.
2. The evidence is sufficient to infer that cigarette smoking
increases risk for all-cause mortality in men and
women.
3. The evidence is sufficient to infer that the relative risk
of dying from cigarette smoking has increased over
the last 50 years in men and women in the United States.