4. Results
In the following the frequency transfer performance derived from the c5++ analysis using the single technique approach as well as the combined solution approach will be assessed. The frequency stability on baselines of the reduced 6-station CONT11 network is evaluated with the MDEV. Epochs when a GPS receiver lost lock were excluded from the analysis (see section 4.3).
4.1. Single-technique results with c5++
Figure 4 depicts the de-trended clock differences from the single-technique VLBI and GPS c5++ analysis for the third 3 d batch. Only baselines connecting to Wettzell are shown here in order to get an idea about the magnitude and behaviour of the clock differences in the network. A good agreement between both techniques is observed. The same small scale clock variations (see baseline WTZZ-ONSA) as well as large scale patterns (see baseline WTZZ-WES2) can be identified in both single technique results, pointing out the potential of combining both techniques for the purpose of frequency transfer. One can also notice that an observational data gap at the Tsukuba VLBI site causes the estimation to rely on constraints, resulting in a straight line during most of September 21, 2011. This means that in a combined analysis, GPS will bridge the VLBI data-gap and this implicitly support this station which would otherwise strongly rely on the choice of the constraints. Figure 5 depicts the frequency transfer instabilities as obtained from the VLBI and GPS c5++ analysis for all possible links in the reduced CONT11 network (6 stations). The recorded GPS data were decimated from 30 s to a regular sampling rate of 5 min, in order to exactly meet the temporal resolution of the estimated clock model, which has been also set to 5 min (see table 1). VLBI observations were available with a more irregular and sparse temporal sampling which enables us to estimate station clocks only with a temporal resolution of 30 min, given that constraints stabilize the solution in case no data is available over a longer period (see section 3.2). Thus, one needs to take into account that for shorter averaging periods, VLBI and GPS frequency transfer stabilities can not be compared directly. Despite this drawback, it becomes clear that on almost all baselines the individual VLBI and GPS solutions provide the same frequency transfer stability for averaging periods of 4 h or longer. This is in good agreement with the results presented in [17] where the complete CONT11 station network (more than 6 stations) was analysed with two individual analysis software packages applying slightly different processing strategies (see section 3.1). Based on the results from the single technique solutions one can conclude that VLBI reaches a frequency transfer stability similar to GPS for longer averaging periods, but does not allow a sufficiently dense temporal sampling of the clock estimates in order to provide any information for shorter averaging periods. Similarly to the concept presented in [27], where GPS and TWSTFT were combined, one could assume that a combination of GPS and VLBI will lead to a frequency transfer performance that benefits from the strength of both techniques.
4. ผลลัพธ์ด้านล่าง ประสิทธิภาพโอนย้ายความถี่มาจาก c5 ++ วิเคราะห์โดยใช้วิธีเทคนิคเดียวตลอดจนวิธีการแก้ปัญหารวมจะถูกประเมิน มีประเมินความมั่นคงความถี่บนเส้นของเครือข่ายลดลง 6-สถานี CONT11 กับ MDEV เมื่อเครื่องรับ GPS หายล็อค epochs ถูกแยกออกจากการวิเคราะห์ (ดูหัวข้อ 4.3)4.1 ด้วยผลเทคนิคเดียวกับ c5 ++ Figure 4 depicts the de-trended clock differences from the single-technique VLBI and GPS c5++ analysis for the third 3 d batch. Only baselines connecting to Wettzell are shown here in order to get an idea about the magnitude and behaviour of the clock differences in the network. A good agreement between both techniques is observed. The same small scale clock variations (see baseline WTZZ-ONSA) as well as large scale patterns (see baseline WTZZ-WES2) can be identified in both single technique results, pointing out the potential of combining both techniques for the purpose of frequency transfer. One can also notice that an observational data gap at the Tsukuba VLBI site causes the estimation to rely on constraints, resulting in a straight line during most of September 21, 2011. This means that in a combined analysis, GPS will bridge the VLBI data-gap and this implicitly support this station which would otherwise strongly rely on the choice of the constraints. Figure 5 depicts the frequency transfer instabilities as obtained from the VLBI and GPS c5++ analysis for all possible links in the reduced CONT11 network (6 stations). The recorded GPS data were decimated from 30 s to a regular sampling rate of 5 min, in order to exactly meet the temporal resolution of the estimated clock model, which has been also set to 5 min (see table 1). VLBI observations were available with a more irregular and sparse temporal sampling which enables us to estimate station clocks only with a temporal resolution of 30 min, given that constraints stabilize the solution in case no data is available over a longer period (see section 3.2). Thus, one needs to take into account that for shorter averaging periods, VLBI and GPS frequency transfer stabilities can not be compared directly. Despite this drawback, it becomes clear that on almost all baselines the individual VLBI and GPS solutions provide the same frequency transfer stability for averaging periods of 4 h or longer. This is in good agreement with the results presented in [17] where the complete CONT11 station network (more than 6 stations) was analysed with two individual analysis software packages applying slightly different processing strategies (see section 3.1). Based on the results from the single technique solutions one can conclude that VLBI reaches a frequency transfer stability similar to GPS for longer averaging periods, but does not allow a sufficiently dense temporal sampling of the clock estimates in order to provide any information for shorter averaging periods. Similarly to the concept presented in [27], where GPS and TWSTFT were combined, one could assume that a combination of GPS and VLBI will lead to a frequency transfer performance that benefits from the strength of both techniques.
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