The results revealed the importance of both organizational and individual
culture, and manager skills and knowledge of change management which affect the adoption of a change strategy
and could bring forth positive or negative results in the change process. As seen in the studies of Andrews and his
colleagues (2008), and the findings of the present study, the characteristics of a manager have great effects on risktaking
and the initiation of change, and can transform a person into a pioneer for change. Saka (2002), pointed out
the role of the manager of an organization and added that the majority of managers are only problem solvers and
cannot consider long-term goals in their activities, so that staff copy such characteristics and do not trust change.