Q. robur is the dominant tree species of the climax vegetation in many of the native forests in northwest (NW)
Spain, and it covers nearly 125,000 ha in pure stands and 250,000 ha in mixed stands in Galicia and 16,000 ha in Asturias, mainly derived from forest regeneration (MMAMRM Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino 2011).