Absorption was measured in a Shimadzu spectrophotometer at 530 and 700 nm in buffers at pH 1.0 and 4.5, using A ¼ [(A530A700) pH1.0 (A530A700) pH4.5] with
molar extinction coefficients of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside for raspberry fruit juice. Results were expressed as mg of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalents per 100 g of FW