• 1. MODELS of READING To be able to teach reading, it is important to understand what happens when we read.
• 2. The READING PROCESS • Reading basically involves transforming a text, which is a graphic representation, into thought, or meaning.
• 3. However, over the last thirty years, psychologists and linguists, using a variety of experimental techniques, have discovered that things are much more complex.
• 4. BOTTOM-UP READING MODEL • It is a reading model that emphasizes the written or printed text. • It emphasizes the ability to decode or put into sound what is seen in the text. • Readers derive meaning in a linear manner.
• 5. • Behaviorist based= Skills-driven • Top Researcher Today= P.Gough • Key features: 1. Letter name, shapes 2. Letter relationships 3. Words meaning BOTTOM-UP
• 6. BOTTOM-UP Materials/methods: Drills, skills Practice in isolation Reader learns to decode then can attend to meaning Each word must be recognized for meaning
• 7. BOTTOM-UP Assessment: Accuracy in skills, word identification Problems: Inability to decode
• 8. TOP-DOWN READING MODEL • It is a model in which TOP is the higher order mental and BOTTOM as the physical text on the page. It is where meaning takes precedence over structure.
• 9. TOP-DOWN • Cognitive based=Meaning-driven • Top Researcher= K.Goodman • Key Features: 1. Meaning does not require 100% word identification 2. Read, write, speak, listen 3. Meaning is important
• 10. TOP-DOWN Materials/ Methods: Predictable books, songs, rhymes, language experience Assessment: Knowledge constructed through meaning Problems: Lack of experience with words, text or activities
• 11. INTERACTIVE READING MODEL • Combination of Bottom-up and Top-down processes. • Good readers are both good decoders and good interpreters of the text.
• 12. INTERACTIVE • Constructivist based=use of cueing systems • Researcher=Tierney • Key Features: 1. Develop skills & strategies in meaningful context 2. Word identification contributes to meaning
• 13. INTERACTIVE Materials/ Methods: Multiple methods text features Spelling patterns Authentic reasons for reading and writing Assessment: drives instruction Problems: Over reliance on either top down or bottom up method