The primary questions used to guide the literature review were: “What research-based
literature (i.e. supported with empirical studies) exists about what is needed to develop
exceptional K-8 STEM education and how can STEM programs be used as a vehicle for
achieving scientific literacy?” Schools looking to support or increase STEM education need to
know where to begin, what supports are needed, and from whom they can learn. The search for
relevant literature began by using specific key words relating to the research questions, including
“characteristics of effective STEM schools,” “STEM education perceptions,” and “components
that support STEM education.”