3. Tsunami simulation around the terminal and establishment of external forces acting upon the VLCC
3.1. Tsunami simulation around the moored VLCC
In order to reproduce the ship׳s behavior during the initial onset of the tsunami, a tsunami profile, such as surface elevation and currents around the terminal, has been calculated and determined using a tsunami simulation (e.g., Imamura, 1996). Recently, Tohoku University (Imamura et al., 2012) provided a fault model of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake to reproduce the inundation areas precisely. Therefore, using this fault model, the initial tsunami profile at the origin of the earthquake was able to be established, and therefore the tsunami propagation around the harbor has been solved by applying nonlinear long wave theory as shown in Eqs.