Fetal complications include preterm labor and delivery, small or large size for gestational age, shoulder dystocia birth injury, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Infants born to women with GDM have a twofold risk of developing obesity and a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than infants born to normoglycemic women. Maternal complications include increased risk of hypertension and preeclampsia, and higher rates of cesarean deliveries.