To put it all together, German makers try to deal with complex-
ity attributable to the increase in customization inside their
production plants. This leads to an increase in complexity related
to operations, which would make inventory turns slower and
waiting time for customers longer than in Japanese makers. On the
other hand, Japanese makers try to actively use keiretsu dealer
networks for reducing complexity attributable to the increase in
product variety in manufacturing. However, this shifts the burden
to dealers. In particular, their forecast-oriented order fulfilment
systems tend to increase pressure on dealers to sell new cars from
inventories with discounts.