Each type of antifouling paint disrupted both fertilisation and larval metamor-phosis. Cu and TBT were the dominant components of each paint product, although a mixture of other toxicants in the formulations may also act directly or synergisti-cally. The concentrations of toxicants released from each paint were not measured but inhibition was demonstrated to increase with surface area of paint. Chips of these types of paint may contaminate marinas and reefs in the case of groundings. This kind of contamination can also result from paint fragments released by abra-sive and hydroblasting of ships hulls during hull cleaning operations.