Anaerobic digestions were conducted to evaluate methane productivity when pretreating rice straw with NH3·H2O and H2O2 prior to AD at retention times of 30 daysat 37°C. Rice straw contains a high percentage of lignocelluloses, which is quite resistant to biodegradation by anaerobic bacteria. However, the main chemical compositions of rice straw, such as lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, were degraded considerably through chemical treatment using NH3·H2O and H2O2. The results showed that biogas production was increased by all pretreatments, and that 4% and 3% H2O2 treatment were the optimal conditions for biogas production, with a biogas of 327.5 and 319.7mL/gVS, respectively. Moreover, rice straw pretreated using H2O2 was found to be better than that treated with the same concentration of NH3·H2O for biogas production, ranked in an order of 4% ≈ 3% > 2% > 1%. Considering the economic cost and biogas yield, results of this study suggest that 3% H2O2 pretreatment is the optimal condition for rice straw biogas digestion. However, the AD process involved is rather complicated, and the current study can only provide limited evidence for this process. Therefore, additional studies should be performed to determine the optimal treatment time and temperature for enhancing biogas production.