In Part 2 (Chapters 4 to 6) we defined several different ways of measuring distance (or
dissimilarity as the case may be) between the rows or between the columns of the data
matrix, depending on the measurement scale of the observations. As we remarked before,
this process often generates tables of distances with even more numbers than the original
data, but we will show now how this in fact simplifies our understanding of the data.
Distances between objects can be visualized in many simple and evocative ways. In this
chapter we shall consider a graphical representation of a matrix of distances which is
perhaps the easiest to understand – a dendrogram, or tree – where the objects are joined
together in a hierarchical fashion from the closest, that is most similar, to the furthest apart,
that is the most different. The method of hierarchical cluster analysis is best explained by
describing the algorithm, or set of instructions, which creates the dendrogram results. In
this chapter we demonstrate hierarchical clustering on a small example and then list the
different variants of the method that are possible.
In Part 2 (Chapters 4 to 6) we defined several different ways of measuring distance (ordissimilarity as the case may be) between the rows or between the columns of the datamatrix, depending on the measurement scale of the observations. As we remarked before,this process often generates tables of distances with even more numbers than the originaldata, but we will show now how this in fact simplifies our understanding of the data.Distances between objects can be visualized in many simple and evocative ways. In thischapter we shall consider a graphical representation of a matrix of distances which isperhaps the easiest to understand – a dendrogram, or tree – where the objects are joinedtogether in a hierarchical fashion from the closest, that is most similar, to the furthest apart,that is the most different. The method of hierarchical cluster analysis is best explained bydescribing the algorithm, or set of instructions, which creates the dendrogram results. Inthis chapter we demonstrate hierarchical clustering on a small example and then list thedifferent variants of the method that are possible.
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