it possible to take both avoiding rules under consideration, without
losing the advantages of accuracy and efficiency of the virtual
particle model when evaluating wind energy yield. And also, the
way to simulate the dependent region is developed by using
reverse particle tracking, which is highly compatible with the CFD
calculations and the employed turbine wake flow model. With the
present method, wake flow influences can be effectively reduced
during the optimization process. By introducing the dependent
region technique, the present method is able to produce better
solution in less time than the previous bionic method. Since the
virtual particle wake flow model works for both uniform and nonuniform
flow fields, the present optimization method can also be
applied to flat terrains and offshore wind farms.