Operating costs were estimated using the heat and material balances
in the Aspen Plus model, as well as the built-in algorithms
used for estimating labor and maintenance costs. Unit costs for the
energy and material streams needed for HDRD production are
shown in Table 6 and were estimated based on data from literature,
energy distributors in Alberta, and vendor quotes. The calculations
done to estimate cooling water unit costs are given in
Supplementary information section.