A particular event is seldom
the result of a one-to-one relationship. Some relationships are more complex than others. Most
outcomes are a sequel to the interplay of a multiplicity of relationships and interacting factors. In a
study of cause-and-effect relationships it is important to be able to link the effect(s) with the
cause(s) and vice versa. In the study of causation, the establishment of this linkage is essential;
however, in practice, particularly in the social sciences, it is extremely difficult – and often
impossible – to make the link.