e.g. reduced use of education and other services, asset sales leading to long term impoverishment and risk-averse patterns of livelihood.
In 1981 Anrtya Sen's entitlement theory explained the long standing difficulty of defining famine and , as noted in the introduction, provided a general framework which explained the field observations. The corollary was that prediction required a model which could combine location specific information on livelihoods, assets and other 'coping' opportunities with information on shocks and changes.