Indonesia is a leading global supplier of cooking oil [1]. Domestically, fortification of unbranded cooking oil has proven to be the most suitable food vehicle to increase vitamin A intake on a pilot and large-scale basis in Indonesia [2]. Fortification of cooking oil with retinyl palmitate, which reaches 94% of Indonesian families, will ensure that women will receive 54% and children 51% to 57% of their estimated average requirement (EAR) for vitamin A [2]. As highlighted by Soekirman et al. [1], most of the cooking oil industry in Indonesia has expressed a desire to start fortification of cooking oil, since the additional cost to the industry is limited (US$1.71/Metric Tonnes). However, even as cooking oil fortification with retinyl palmitate is recognized as cost-effective and simple to implement [3], the quality of cooking oil (assessed by peroxide values) prior to fortification has been highlighted in a recent study from Egypt [4] as a potential barrier to ensuring the stability of retinyl palmitate. The oxidation level greatly interacts with the stability of vitamin A added to the oil. Vitamin A oxidizes faster and loses its activity in the presence of highly-oxidized oils (with a high level of peroxide) [5].
The Egyptian study found an increase in vitamin A decay once the peroxide levels in oil were more than 2 mEq of active oxygen per kilogram and recommended that before any national fortification program is implemented, the losses of vitamin A due to the quality of cooking oil be estimated. A 2011–2012 SEAFAST (Southeast Asia Food and Agricultural Science and Technology Center) study on the quality of unbranded bulk palm cooking oil (to be referred to as “cooking oil” in this document) in Indonesia showed that the quality of cooking oil at the point of manufacture and at the distributor was inconsistent. For example, the peroxide value (PV) of cooking oil analyzed ranged between 0 and 8.94 mEq O2/kg [6].
Although a medium-scale project of fortified cooking oil is already on-going and has shown consumer acceptance in Indonesia [1], there have been no studies undertaken in Indonesia to evaluate the stability of added vitamin A in cooking oil, especially when stored at various temperatures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the shelf life of cooking oil and the stability of vitamin A added to cooking oils with three different qualities as defined by peroxide content. The findings have implications for (i) the amounts of vitamin A to be added by the producers in order to ensure that the cooking oil is fortified following the national guidelines and (ii) the possibility of fortifying highly-oxidized cooking oil.
Indonesia is a leading global supplier of cooking oil [1]. Domestically, fortification of unbranded cooking oil has proven to be the most suitable food vehicle to increase vitamin A intake on a pilot and large-scale basis in Indonesia [2]. Fortification of cooking oil with retinyl palmitate, which reaches 94% of Indonesian families, will ensure that women will receive 54% and children 51% to 57% of their estimated average requirement (EAR) for vitamin A [2]. As highlighted by Soekirman et al. [1], most of the cooking oil industry in Indonesia has expressed a desire to start fortification of cooking oil, since the additional cost to the industry is limited (US$1.71/Metric Tonnes). However, even as cooking oil fortification with retinyl palmitate is recognized as cost-effective and simple to implement [3], the quality of cooking oil (assessed by peroxide values) prior to fortification has been highlighted in a recent study from Egypt [4] as a potential barrier to ensuring the stability of retinyl palmitate. The oxidation level greatly interacts with the stability of vitamin A added to the oil. Vitamin A oxidizes faster and loses its activity in the presence of highly-oxidized oils (with a high level of peroxide) [5].The Egyptian study found an increase in vitamin A decay once the peroxide levels in oil were more than 2 mEq of active oxygen per kilogram and recommended that before any national fortification program is implemented, the losses of vitamin A due to the quality of cooking oil be estimated. A 2011–2012 SEAFAST (Southeast Asia Food and Agricultural Science and Technology Center) study on the quality of unbranded bulk palm cooking oil (to be referred to as “cooking oil” in this document) in Indonesia showed that the quality of cooking oil at the point of manufacture and at the distributor was inconsistent. For example, the peroxide value (PV) of cooking oil analyzed ranged between 0 and 8.94 mEq O2/kg [6].Although a medium-scale project of fortified cooking oil is already on-going and has shown consumer acceptance in Indonesia [1], there have been no studies undertaken in Indonesia to evaluate the stability of added vitamin A in cooking oil, especially when stored at various temperatures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the shelf life of cooking oil and the stability of vitamin A added to cooking oils with three different qualities as defined by peroxide content. The findings have implications for (i) the amounts of vitamin A to be added by the producers in order to ensure that the cooking oil is fortified following the national guidelines and (ii) the possibility of fortifying highly-oxidized cooking oil.
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