Does the patient need to be encouraged, empowered, or
motivated [73]? What would be most helpful (i.e., does
the patient prefer that the provider frames the health message
as “going toward a positive”— i.e., greater oral
health, or “avoiding a negative”—i.e., the progression or
worsening of oral disease) [74, 75]?
4. Does the patient have any physical or cognitive barriers?
(a) Are there intra-psychic barriers—i.e., does the patient
not believe they are able to complete the suggestion or
the plan they have helped to develop, and thus, does the
provider need to first address the patient’s self-efficacy?
(b) If so, how can the provider best build off of existing
patient strengths and use positive reinforcement
[44••, 63••, 76]?
(c) Are there any other internal or external barriers
(competing interests, time constraints, lack of access,