This paper is motivated by the recent surge in female participation at the chief executive officer (CEO)
level in Chinese-listed companies.1 While women still only fill around 4% of all CEO positions in the top
1,000 listed companies in the United States,2 the present study points to a rate for China's population of
listed issuers of around 5.5% for the most recent year of analysis (in our 2000–8 study frame). More
significantly, we detect a female CEO participation rate in our most recent year of analysis (2008) of
around 8.3% for private firms (i.e., those with direct state ownership of 5% or less). This compares to a rate
of only 3.1% for firms with state ownership exceeding 50% of available voting rights (see Table 1D).3
A central research issue we investigate is the extent to which the growth in female CEO participation
has been driven by the emergence of China's private sector. We usefully address this issue by considering
more than 11,000 firm-year observations across a recent nine-year study frame, 2000–8. Prior to this
period, China had relatively few private enterprises. By 2008, the picture had changed dramatically, with
privately held firms competing almost side-by-side with longstanding state-controlled concerns across a
range of industries. Through the prism of China's emerging market economy, and its unique institutional
structure, we are able to critically assess the extent to which the balance of private- to state‐based
ownership drives CEO gender change. No other market in recent times has experienced such momentous
structural change. It is therefore timely to investigate the effect of such ownership change on Chinese
women's access to leadership positions in the business sphere.
Seminal accounts like Becker's (1957) suggest that discriminatory practices of various types should
become more costly when markets are open and contestable. Given the dominance of state-related
shareholders in firms in protected or ‘strategic’ industries in China, the proportion of a firm's outstanding
shares in private hands serves as a useful proxy for the degree to which a firm's underlying product and
labour markets are contestable. Consistent with Becker's (1957) notion that competitive forces inhibit
discriminatory practices, we find that the recent growth in female CEO participation rates in China derives
almost exclusively from privately controlled Chinese enterprises. Moreover, female participation at the
CEO level is not only increasing over time but at a faster rate for firms with low levels of state ownership
(i.e., levels of 5% or below).4
For state-controlled firms, we detect little change in the proportion of female CEOs. State-directed
policies, which ostensibly aim at promoting gender equality, and some evidence of a modest improvement
in women's overall involvement in the Chinese political process (see, for instance, Guo and Zheng, 2008),
appear to have had little effect on female CEO participation rates in state-held firms.
As a related and further important finding, we also note that women CEOs are more likely to be present
in entities where other women serve as directors. Additionally, we examine how foreign ownership
impacts on CEO gender. This most obviously manifests itself when mainland Chinese-incorporated entities
list in Hong Kong in H-form. The ‘international’ standards imposed by such a market suggest ‘bonding’
effects (see Coffee, 1999; Stulz, 1999). Such markets may also drive a “risk premium effect” (Oxelheim and
Randoy, 2005) whereby CEOs, being subject to greater scrutiny, demand enhanced compensation. Such
arguments, as well as Oxelheim and Randoy's (2005) “institutional spillover,” “supply” and “demand”’
เอกสารนี้เป็นแรงจูงใจตามกระแสล่าสุดในการมีส่วนร่วมของหญิงที่ประธานเจ้าหน้าที่บริหาร (CEO)ใน companies.1 จีนอยู่ในขณะที่ผู้หญิงยังกรอกประมาณ 4% ของตำแหน่งซีอีโอทั้งหมดด้านบน1000 รายการประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา 2 สถานศึกษามีอัตราสำหรับประชากรของจีนผู้ออกอยู่ประมาณ 5.5% ในปีล่าสุดของการวิเคราะห์ (ในกรอบการศึกษาของเรา 2000 – 8) เพิ่มเติมอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ ตรวจอัตราหญิง CEO มีส่วนร่วมในปีล่าสุดของเราวิเคราะห์ (2008)ประมาณ 8.3% สำหรับหน่วยงานเอกชน (เช่น ผู้ที่ มีความเป็นเจ้าของรัฐโดยตรง 5% หรือน้อยกว่า) นี้เปรียบเทียบกับอัตราเพียง 3.1% สำหรับบริษัทที่มีความเป็นเจ้าของรัฐเกิน 50% ของการลงคะแนนสิทธิ (ดูตาราง 1D) .3ประเด็นวิจัยกลางเราตรวจสอบมีขอบเขตที่เจริญเติบโตในการมีส่วนร่วมของซีอีโอหญิงมีการขับเคลื่อน ด้วยการเกิดขึ้นของภาคเอกชนของจีน เรา usefully ปัญหานี้ โดยการพิจารณากว่า 11000 ปีบริษัทสังเกตข้ามเฟรมเรียนเก้าปีล่าสุด 2000-8 ก่อนนี้ระยะเวลา จีนมีบริษัทเอกชนค่อนข้างน้อย มีเปลี่ยนรูปภาพ โดย 2008 อย่างมาก มีเอกชนจัดแข่งขันบริษัทเกือบ--เคียงข้างกัน ด้วยว่ารัฐควบคุมความกังวลในการช่วงของอุตสาหกรรม ผ่านปริซึมของเศรษฐกิจตลาดเกิดใหม่ประเทศจีน และของเฉพาะสถาบันโครงสร้าง เราจะสามารถประเมินขอบเขตที่เหลือยอดดุล ของส่วนตัว-state‐basedownership drives CEO gender change. No other market in recent times has experienced such momentousstructural change. It is therefore timely to investigate the effect of such ownership change on Chinesewomen's access to leadership positions in the business sphere.Seminal accounts like Becker's (1957) suggest that discriminatory practices of various types shouldbecome more costly when markets are open and contestable. Given the dominance of state-relatedshareholders in firms in protected or ‘strategic’ industries in China, the proportion of a firm's outstandingshares in private hands serves as a useful proxy for the degree to which a firm's underlying product andlabour markets are contestable. Consistent with Becker's (1957) notion that competitive forces inhibitdiscriminatory practices, we find that the recent growth in female CEO participation rates in China derivesalmost exclusively from privately controlled Chinese enterprises. Moreover, female participation at theCEO level is not only increasing over time but at a faster rate for firms with low levels of state ownership(i.e., levels of 5% or below).4For state-controlled firms, we detect little change in the proportion of female CEOs. State-directedpolicies, which ostensibly aim at promoting gender equality, and some evidence of a modest improvementin women's overall involvement in the Chinese political process (see, for instance, Guo and Zheng, 2008),appear to have had little effect on female CEO participation rates in state-held firms.
As a related and further important finding, we also note that women CEOs are more likely to be present
in entities where other women serve as directors. Additionally, we examine how foreign ownership
impacts on CEO gender. This most obviously manifests itself when mainland Chinese-incorporated entities
list in Hong Kong in H-form. The ‘international’ standards imposed by such a market suggest ‘bonding’
effects (see Coffee, 1999; Stulz, 1999). Such markets may also drive a “risk premium effect” (Oxelheim and
Randoy, 2005) whereby CEOs, being subject to greater scrutiny, demand enhanced compensation. Such
arguments, as well as Oxelheim and Randoy's (2005) “institutional spillover,” “supply” and “demand”’
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
