Walt Disney
This article is about Walt Disney, the person. For the company he founded, see The Walt Disney Company. For other uses, see Walt Disney (disambiguation).
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (/ˈdɪzni/;[3] December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American entrepreneur, cartoonist,animator, voice actor, and film producer. As a prominent figure within the American animation industry and throughout the world, he is regarded as a cultural icon,[4] known for his influence and contributions to entertainment during the 20th century. As a Hollywoodbusiness mogul, he and his brother Roy O. Disney co-founded The Walt Disney Company.[5]
As an animator and entrepreneur, Disney was particularly noted as a filmmaker and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created numerous famous fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Goofy. Disney himself was the original voice for Mickey. During his lifetime, he won 22 Academy Awards and received four honorary Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record of four in one year,[6] giving him more Oscar awards and nominations than any other individual in history. Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland andWalt Disney World Resort theme parks in the US, as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, andHong Kong Disneyland.
Disney died from lung cancer on December 15, 1966, in Burbank, California. He left behind a vast legacy, including numerous animated shorts and feature films produced during his lifetime; the company, parks, and animation studio that bear his name; and the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life: 1901–20
1.1 Childhood
1.2 Teenage years
2 Start of animation career: 1920–37
2.1 Laugh-O-Gram Studio
2.2 Career in Hollywood and marriage
2.2.1 Alice Comedies
2.2.2 Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
2.2.3 Mickey Mouse
2.2.4 Silly Symphonies
2.3 First Academy Award and subsequent spin-offs
2.4 Family
3 Golden age of animation: 1937–41
3.1 "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
3.2 Subsequent successes
4 World War II era: 1941–45
5 Post-war period: 1945–1955
5.1 Second Red Scare
6 Theme parks and beyond: 1955–66
6.1 Carolwood Pacific Railroad
6.2 Planning Disneyland
6.2.1 Disneyland grand opening
6.3 Expansion into new areas
6.4 Early 1960s successes
6.5 Plans for Disney World and EPCOT
6.6 Mineral King ski resort
7 Illness and death
7.1 Hibernation urban legend
8 Legacy
8.1 Continuing Disney projects
8.2 Disney entertainment empire
8.3 Disney Animation
8.4 CalArts
8.5 Walt Disney Family Museum
9 Accusations of antisemitism and racism
10 Academy Awards
11 Other honors
12 In popular culture
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
16 Further reading
17 External links
Early life: 1901–20
Childhood
Walt's parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney
Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 North Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area, to Elias Charles Disney, who was Irish-Canadian, and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent.[7] His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.[8] With the d'Isigny name anglicized as "Disney", the family settled in the English village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.[9]
In 1878 Disney's father, Elias Charles Disney, had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States, at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas,[10][11] until 1884. Elias married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida, just 40 miles north of where Walt Disney World would ultimately be developed.[12] The family moved to Chicago, Illinois in 1890, hometown of Elias' brother Robert, who helped Elias financially for most of Walt's early life.[13] In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his elder brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.[14] In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.[15] Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper and Walt copied the front-page cartoons of Ryan Walker.[11] His interest in trains originated in Marceline as well. There was a railway called Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which passes near the neighbourhood. Upon hearing the train whistle, Walt and Roy would run to a clearing of high ground. Once recognised by their uncle, Mike Martin, who conducted the train, he would wave and produce a long whistle, followed by two short ones. That functioned as a signal to the brothers.[16]
10-year-old Walt Disney (center right) at a gathering of Kansas City newsboys in 1912.
Walt attended the new Park School of Marceline in fall, 1909. He and his younger sister Ruth started school together. Before that, he had no formal schooling.[17] The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years, until having to sell their farm on November 28, 1910. At that time, two of Walt's elder brothers, Herbert and Ray, had been fed up with the constant work and little or no spending money, and ran away in fall 1906.[18]Afterwards, the family moved to Kansas City in 1911,[19] where Walt and Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School at 3004 Benton Boulevard, close to his new home. Disney had completed the second grade at Marceline but had to repeat the grade at Kansas City.[20] At school he met Walter Pfeiffer, who came from a family of theatre aficionados and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long, Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home,[21] as well as attending Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute,[22]
On July 1, 1911, Elias purchased a newspaper delivery route for The Kansas City Star. It extended from the Twenty-seventh Street to the Thirty-first Street, and from Prospect Avenue to Indiana Avenue. Roy and Walt were put to work delivering the newspapers. The Disneys delivered the morning newspaper Kansas City Times to about 700 customers and the evening and Sunday Star to more than 600. The number of customers they had increased with time. Walt woke up at 4:30 AM and worked delivering newspapers until the school bell rang. He resumed working the paper trail at 4PM and continued to supper time. He found the work exhausting and often received poor grades from dozing off in class. He continued his paper routine for more than six years.[23]
Teenage years
In 1917 Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city.[24] In the fall, Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High Schooland took night courses at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts under the tutelage of artist and educator Louis Grell (1887–1960).[25] He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics on World War I. With a hope to join the army, Disney dropped out of high school at the age of sixteen, but was rejected for being under-age.[26] Afterwards, Disney and a friend joined the Red Cross.[27] He was soon sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.[28]
Disney as an ambulance driverimmediately after World War I
Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory,[29] Walt moved back to Kansas City in 1919 to begin his artistic career.[30] He considered becoming an actor, but decided to draw political caricatures or comic strips for a newspaper. When nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio,[30] where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.[31] At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks[32] and, when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.[33]
Start of animation career: 1920–37
Walt Disney's business envelope featured a self-portrait around 1921
In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company. He was soon joined by Iwerks, who was not able to run their business alone.[34] While working for the company, where he made commercials based on cutout animation, Disney became interested in animation and decided to become an animator.[35] The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. He eventually decided to open his own animation business and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee.[36] Disney and Harman then started creating cartoons called Laugh-O-Grams.[37] Disney studied Aesop's Fables as a model. The first six of the new Laugh-O-Grams were modernized fairy tales.[38] They screened their cartoons at a local theater owned by Frank Newman, who was one of the most popular "showmen" in Kansas City.[37]
Laugh-O-Gram Studio
Main article: Laugh-O-Gram Studio
Newman Laugh-O-Gram (1921)
Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",[37] Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area.[39]Through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram,[40] for which he hired a number of ad
Walt DisneyThis article is about Walt Disney, the person. For the company he founded, see The Walt Disney Company. For other uses, see Walt Disney (disambiguation).Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (/ˈdɪzni/;[3] December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American entrepreneur, cartoonist,animator, voice actor, and film producer. As a prominent figure within the American animation industry and throughout the world, he is regarded as a cultural icon,[4] known for his influence and contributions to entertainment during the 20th century. As a Hollywoodbusiness mogul, he and his brother Roy O. Disney co-founded The Walt Disney Company.[5]As an animator and entrepreneur, Disney was particularly noted as a filmmaker and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created numerous famous fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Goofy. Disney himself was the original voice for Mickey. During his lifetime, he won 22 Academy Awards and received four honorary Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record of four in one year,[6] giving him more Oscar awards and nominations than any other individual in history. Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland andWalt Disney World Resort theme parks in the US, as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, andHong Kong Disneyland.Disney died from lung cancer on December 15, 1966, in Burbank, California. He left behind a vast legacy, including numerous animated shorts and feature films produced during his lifetime; the company, parks, and animation studio that bear his name; and the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts).Contents [hide] 1 Early life: 1901–201.1 Childhood1.2 Teenage years2 Start of animation career: 1920–372.1 Laugh-O-Gram Studio2.2 Career in Hollywood and marriage2.2.1 Alice Comedies2.2.2 Oswald the Lucky Rabbit2.2.3 Mickey Mouse2.2.4 Silly Symphonies2.3 First Academy Award and subsequent spin-offs2.4 Family3 Golden age of animation: 1937–413.1 "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs3.2 Subsequent successes4 World War II era: 1941–455 Post-war period: 1945–19555.1 Second Red Scare6 Theme parks and beyond: 1955–666.1 Carolwood Pacific Railroad6.2 Planning Disneyland6.2.1 Disneyland grand opening6.3 Expansion into new areas6.4 Early 1960s successes6.5 Plans for Disney World and EPCOT6.6 Mineral King ski resort7 Illness and death7.1 Hibernation urban legend8 Legacy8.1 Continuing Disney projects8.2 Disney entertainment empire8.3 Disney Animation8.4 CalArts8.5 Walt Disney Family Museum9 Accusations of antisemitism and racism10 Academy Awards11 Other honors12 In popular culture13 See also14 Notes15 References16 Further reading17 External linksEarly life: 1901–20ChildhoodWalt's parents, Elias and Flora (Call) DisneyDisney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 North Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area, to Elias Charles Disney, who was Irish-Canadian, and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent.[7] His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.[8] With the d'Isigny name anglicized as "Disney", the family settled in the English village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.[9]In 1878 Disney's father, Elias Charles Disney, had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States, at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas,[10][11] until 1884. Elias married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida, just 40 miles north of where Walt Disney World would ultimately be developed.[12] The family moved to Chicago, Illinois in 1890, hometown of Elias' brother Robert, who helped Elias financially for most of Walt's early life.[13] In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his elder brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.[14] In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.[15] Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper and Walt copied the front-page cartoons of Ryan Walker.[11] His interest in trains originated in Marceline as well. There was a railway called Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which passes near the neighbourhood. Upon hearing the train whistle, Walt and Roy would run to a clearing of high ground. Once recognised by their uncle, Mike Martin, who conducted the train, he would wave and produce a long whistle, followed by two short ones. That functioned as a signal to the brothers.[16]
10-year-old Walt Disney (center right) at a gathering of Kansas City newsboys in 1912.
Walt attended the new Park School of Marceline in fall, 1909. He and his younger sister Ruth started school together. Before that, he had no formal schooling.[17] The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years, until having to sell their farm on November 28, 1910. At that time, two of Walt's elder brothers, Herbert and Ray, had been fed up with the constant work and little or no spending money, and ran away in fall 1906.[18]Afterwards, the family moved to Kansas City in 1911,[19] where Walt and Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School at 3004 Benton Boulevard, close to his new home. Disney had completed the second grade at Marceline but had to repeat the grade at Kansas City.[20] At school he met Walter Pfeiffer, who came from a family of theatre aficionados and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long, Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home,[21] as well as attending Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute,[22]
On July 1, 1911, Elias purchased a newspaper delivery route for The Kansas City Star. It extended from the Twenty-seventh Street to the Thirty-first Street, and from Prospect Avenue to Indiana Avenue. Roy and Walt were put to work delivering the newspapers. The Disneys delivered the morning newspaper Kansas City Times to about 700 customers and the evening and Sunday Star to more than 600. The number of customers they had increased with time. Walt woke up at 4:30 AM and worked delivering newspapers until the school bell rang. He resumed working the paper trail at 4PM and continued to supper time. He found the work exhausting and often received poor grades from dozing off in class. He continued his paper routine for more than six years.[23]
Teenage years
In 1917 Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city.[24] In the fall, Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High Schooland took night courses at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts under the tutelage of artist and educator Louis Grell (1887–1960).[25] He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics on World War I. With a hope to join the army, Disney dropped out of high school at the age of sixteen, but was rejected for being under-age.[26] Afterwards, Disney and a friend joined the Red Cross.[27] He was soon sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.[28]
Disney as an ambulance driverimmediately after World War I
Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory,[29] Walt moved back to Kansas City in 1919 to begin his artistic career.[30] He considered becoming an actor, but decided to draw political caricatures or comic strips for a newspaper. When nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio,[30] where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.[31] At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks[32] and, when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.[33]
Start of animation career: 1920–37
Walt Disney's business envelope featured a self-portrait around 1921
In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company. He was soon joined by Iwerks, who was not able to run their business alone.[34] While working for the company, where he made commercials based on cutout animation, Disney became interested in animation and decided to become an animator.[35] The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. He eventually decided to open his own animation business and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee.[36] Disney and Harman then started creating cartoons called Laugh-O-Grams.[37] Disney studied Aesop's Fables as a model. The first six of the new Laugh-O-Grams were modernized fairy tales.[38] They screened their cartoons at a local theater owned by Frank Newman, who was one of the most popular "showmen" in Kansas City.[37]
Laugh-O-Gram Studio
Main article: Laugh-O-Gram Studio
Newman Laugh-O-Gram (1921)
Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",[37] Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area.[39]Through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram,[40] for which he hired a number of ad
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