This work was conducted in a greenhouse at the field research station of the Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology in Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan. The soil collected at the station was classified as
volcanic ash soil, Andisol. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is 6.0 cm d-1. Figure 1 showed a
schematic diagram of the ceramic pitcher used in this study. The length, the outer radius, and the inner
radius of the pitcher are, respectively, 15 cm, 4 cm, and 3 cm. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is
0.012 cm d-1.