a b s t r a c t
Three different procedures for sample preparation have been compared for the determination of Cu,
Mo and Sb in airborne particulate matter (APM) collected on glass fiber filters using high-resolution
continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF AAS). Direct solid sample
analysis of the ground filters was compared with microwave-assisted acid leaching with aqua regia and
ultrasound-assisted extraction also using aqua regia. The main absorption line at 324.754 nm or the
secondary line at 216.509 nm was used for the determination of Cu, depending on the analyte content
in the samples. The primary absorption line at 313.259 nm was used for Mo and the secondary line at
212.739 nm for Sb determination. The limits of detection (LOD, 3) found for the direct solid sampling
method, based on ten atomizations of an unused filter were 15 g g−1 for all three analytes, corresponding
to 40 ng m−3 for a typical air volume of 1440 m3 collected over a period of 24 h. The LOD for the other
two methods were less than a factor of two inferior, but the total time required for an analysis was
significantly longer. The repeatability of the measurements was between 3 and 9% (n = 5), and the results
obtained with the three methods did not show any significant difference. The ratio between the three
analytes on the filters from areas of intense traffic was found to be around Cu:Mo:Sb
≈
4:1:1.4, which
suggests that the source of all three elements is brake linings, i.e., related to automobile traffic. When
the ratio deviated significantly from the above values, the source of contamination was assumed to be of
different origin.
a b s t r a c t
Three different procedures for sample preparation have been compared for the determination of Cu,
Mo and Sb in airborne particulate matter (APM) collected on glass fiber filters using high-resolution
continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF AAS). Direct solid sample
analysis of the ground filters was compared with microwave-assisted acid leaching with aqua regia and
ultrasound-assisted extraction also using aqua regia. The main absorption line at 324.754 nm or the
secondary line at 216.509 nm was used for the determination of Cu, depending on the analyte content
in the samples. The primary absorption line at 313.259 nm was used for Mo and the secondary line at
212.739 nm for Sb determination. The limits of detection (LOD, 3) found for the direct solid sampling
method, based on ten atomizations of an unused filter were 15 g g−1 for all three analytes, corresponding
to 40 ng m−3 for a typical air volume of 1440 m3 collected over a period of 24 h. The LOD for the other
two methods were less than a factor of two inferior, but the total time required for an analysis was
significantly longer. The repeatability of the measurements was between 3 and 9% (n = 5), and the results
obtained with the three methods did not show any significant difference. The ratio between the three
analytes on the filters from areas of intense traffic was found to be around Cu:Mo:Sb
≈
4:1:1.4, which
suggests that the source of all three elements is brake linings, i.e., related to automobile traffic. When
the ratio deviated significantly from the above values, the source of contamination was assumed to be of
different origin.
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