in this example nyam/nyang a word of west african orgin eat bin is the past tense marker or auxiliary note the parallel with aave i been talked- and duh a and de are continuous aspect markers corresponding to english- ing forms. striking enough the aave form, the aave form, althought superficially more like the standard english nd nonstandard white english forms is in fact basically moree like the creole examples in that it usually omits only the auxiliary