In this “old regime”, the exchange rate had the role of a nominal anchor to stabilize
inflation, while monetary policy was conducted to attain a balance of payments position
compatible with the desired parity. In sum, without judging the success of this old regime in
terms of inflation stabilization and its sustainability over time, it is reasonable to conclude that
equilibrium real interest rate were necessarily high. This is not necessarily the case in an
environment of high international liquidity. Nevertheless, between the end of 1994 and the
beginning of 1999 emerging economies faced several episodes of worsening in the external
financial conditions.
Under the floating exchange rate regime (in place since January, 1999) and the inflationtargeting
framework (as of July, 1999), it is reasonable to state that equilibrium real interest rates
should differ substantially from what they were in the previous regime. The transition effects due
to the new equilibrium level of real interest rates called for a long-term calibration of the demand
side reduced-form model.
The calibration is straightforward. In the long-run steady state, the ratio of government
debt to GDP should remain constant, along with a balanced budget (zero primary fiscal surplus)
and zero output gap. This implies that the long-term equilibrium real interest rate must equal the
potential GDP growth rate. In the “fiscal” IS curve specification, this is equivalent
the long-run calibration can be done by estimating the “fiscal” IS curve with the additional
restriction on the pair
whose ratio must equal the long-term equilibrium real interest rate.
In this “old regime”, the exchange rate had the role of a nominal anchor to stabilizeinflation, while monetary policy was conducted to attain a balance of payments positioncompatible with the desired parity. In sum, without judging the success of this old regime interms of inflation stabilization and its sustainability over time, it is reasonable to conclude thatequilibrium real interest rate were necessarily high. This is not necessarily the case in anenvironment of high international liquidity. Nevertheless, between the end of 1994 and thebeginning of 1999 emerging economies faced several episodes of worsening in the externalfinancial conditions.Under the floating exchange rate regime (in place since January, 1999) and the inflationtargetingframework (as of July, 1999), it is reasonable to state that equilibrium real interest ratesshould differ substantially from what they were in the previous regime. The transition effects dueto the new equilibrium level of real interest rates called for a long-term calibration of the demandside reduced-form model.The calibration is straightforward. In the long-run steady state, the ratio of governmentdebt to GDP should remain constant, along with a balanced budget (zero primary fiscal surplus)and zero output gap. This implies that the long-term equilibrium real interest rate must equal thepotential GDP growth rate. In the “fiscal” IS curve specification, this is equivalent the long-run calibration can be done by estimating the “fiscal” IS curve with the additionalrestriction on the pair whose ratio must equal the long-term equilibrium real interest rate.
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