Almost all of them are proved to be active in such reactions as oxidation or reduction, not in the CC bond formation. Only the nickel–palladium ferrite acts as a catalyst in the Heck reaction and, in part, a nano-ferrite-Pd catalyst has been used in the oxidation of alcohols using H2O2 as the oxidant. A superparamagnetic core–shell catalyst in promoting Suzuki crosscoupling
reactions has been reported by Stevens et al.