Post-AFTA Economic ‘‘deepening’’ in ASEAN has been taking place on many fronts, for example, in the areas of investment (ASEAN Investment Area, AIA), services (ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services), trade facilitation, and intellectual property protection. The Ha Noi Plan of Action (1998) outlined a series of first steps along the way to fulfill the goal of the ASEAN Vision 2020 (December 1997), elaborated on by the Second Declaration of ASEAN Bali Concord II (October 2003), to create an Economic Community (AEC) by the year 2020.1 The Bali Concord II summarizes nicely the ultimate goals of the AEC: