is the exception of travelling three zones ($4.9) and four zones
($5.8). The non-captive model shows that there was less than a 50%
chance for chosen stations to be the nearest station if travel
distance was 10 km. No travel over
five zones ($7.10) was identified
for the transit trip involving in non-captive stations. This result
could be interpreted that expect for a distance minimisation
strategy, others such as cost and travel time minimisation
strategies and multi-trip purpose utility maximisation could play
important roles to the decision maker of this type trips. In addition,
more travel uncertainty, such as availability of parking, could be
involved in non-captive station choice than captive station choice.
A sensitivity test was also conducted using the logistic
regression model shown in Table 5 to identify the influence on
the nearest station choice for travel distance (from an origin to a
chosen station) and whether the station is further away from
origins and destinations. The resulting sensitivity plot for captive
stations, shown in Fig. 5, indicates that the predicted probabilities
of choosing the nearest station decrease as travel distance
increases, whether the station is further-away or not. Generally
speaking, the predicted probability of choosing the nearest station
is the higher for non-further-away stations than further-away
stations. According to Fig. 5, at 10 km travel distance, the predicted
probability of the nearest station choice is over 85% for nonfurther-away stations. In comparison, it is less than 60% for further-
away stations.
6. Discussions and conclusions
This paper applied Logistic regression models to understand the
nearest station choice behaviours of transit users. The study
revealed that the nearest station choice depended on the location
of station, and characteristics of stations and transit users. When
the chosen station was located at the end or near the end of a train
line (captive stations), this left transit users with much less station
choice than a station located along the line (non-captive stations).
This also means that less variables influence the nearest station
choice. For example, only two variables—distance and station
location in terms of destination direction (further-away or nonfurther
away)—were relevant for the captive model. Based on our
survey, the reasons why users choose a station further away from
their origin and destination are seat- and parking-availability,
particularly the former. This suggested that crowding on trains was
becoming an issue in Western Australia, which can be managed by
increasing train capacity and frequency (Li and Hensher, 2012),
providing better service and design, such as improving air quality
and circulation (Thompson et al., 2012)
If the chosen station was located further along the train line,
more variables would affect the nearest station choice of transit
users. Based on our model, except distance, travel cost and waiting
time were found to significantly influence the choice. Interestingly,
transit users were willing to drive or take a bus to travel a little bit
further towards their destination in order to decrease transit
waiting time and travel cost. Two more variables—traffic congestion
and travel comfort—although not captured by the model, were
found to be applicable to this situation from our survey interviews.
Many of the respondents preferred driving rather than using public
transport due to convenience and comfort. However, when there is
a trade-off between convenience and travel time, they optimised
their trips by choosing a transit station along their trip (Debrezion,
G., et al., 2009). In addition, land use diversity could affect station
choice (Badoe and Miller, 2000; Cervero, 1996). For example, a
large shopping center, Westfield Carousel, was indicated by our
respondents as one of reasons they chose Cannington station. The
nearest station choice rate for Cannington station is only 26.9%.
Some limitations of this study are that limited variable data
were collected (12 variables considered). In addition, due to
correlation between variables, some variables such as travel time
(correlated with distance), inbound and out bound trip (correlated
with distance), train frequency (correlated with waiting time)
were manually removed from model. More variables such as traffic
congestion and land use diversity should be considered in the
future study.
Another limitation of the study is that some of respondents had
a misunderstanding of the survey question of “Where and when
did you start that trip” which was used to collect the location of the
respondents’ origin, especially those who were interviewed in the
afternoon. They thought the place they departed in the morning
was their origin, while some of them
filled in the location of the
activity immediately before they left for a station. Although we
have removed some unreasonable results manually, there was still
some ambiguity in the data. The other aspect is related to
geocoding. Due to missing data of the landmark and street data
from the survey, we have used the centroid location streets or
suburbs as a substitution, which could reduce the accuracy of
geocoding. In next survey, we will improve the questionnaire
design to cater for this.
From a public transport policy point view, the result of the
paper indicates that attention should be paid to the transit users
who chose non-captive stations because more uncertainty was
involved in non-captive station choice than captive station choice.
This randomness could due to reasons such as, late departure, less
likelihood to get parking in the nearest station and multi-trip
purpose. Our future work will further investigate how much
randomness could be involved in the station choice behaviour.
This study provides evidence as to why some transit users do
not choose the nearest station from their origin. The results of this
study will be of importance to public transit policy makers, urban
planners and researchers, particularly the Public Transport
Authority, to understand transit choice behaviours. Therefore
public transport policies such as adjustments of travel fees and
improving station service and facilities, could be developed. The
major contribution of this study is the development of a systematic
approach for identifying variables affecting the nearest station
choice. The method is reproducible and generalisable internationally
to other studies.
is the exception of travelling three zones ($4.9) and four zones($5.8). The non-captive model shows that there was less than a 50%chance for chosen stations to be the nearest station if traveldistance was 10 km. No travel overfive zones ($7.10) was identifiedfor the transit trip involving in non-captive stations. This resultcould be interpreted that expect for a distance minimisationstrategy, others such as cost and travel time minimisationstrategies and multi-trip purpose utility maximisation could playimportant roles to the decision maker of this type trips. In addition,more travel uncertainty, such as availability of parking, could beinvolved in non-captive station choice than captive station choice.A sensitivity test was also conducted using the logisticregression model shown in Table 5 to identify the influence onthe nearest station choice for travel distance (from an origin to achosen station) and whether the station is further away fromorigins and destinations. The resulting sensitivity plot for captivestations, shown in Fig. 5, indicates that the predicted probabilitiesof choosing the nearest station decrease as travel distanceincreases, whether the station is further-away or not. Generallyspeaking, the predicted probability of choosing the nearest stationis the higher for non-further-away stations than further-awaystations. According to Fig. 5, at 10 km travel distance, the predictedprobability of the nearest station choice is over 85% for nonfurther-away stations. In comparison, it is less than 60% for further-away stations.6. Discussions and conclusionsThis paper applied Logistic regression models to understand thenearest station choice behaviours of transit users. The studyrevealed that the nearest station choice depended on the locationof station, and characteristics of stations and transit users. Whenthe chosen station was located at the end or near the end of a trainline (captive stations), this left transit users with much less stationchoice than a station located along the line (non-captive stations).This also means that less variables influence the nearest stationchoice. For example, only two variables—distance and stationlocation in terms of destination direction (further-away or nonfurtheraway)—were relevant for the captive model. Based on oursurvey, the reasons why users choose a station further away fromtheir origin and destination are seat- and parking-availability,particularly the former. This suggested that crowding on trains wasbecoming an issue in Western Australia, which can be managed byincreasing train capacity and frequency (Li and Hensher, 2012),providing better service and design, such as improving air qualityand circulation (Thompson et al., 2012)If the chosen station was located further along the train line,more variables would affect the nearest station choice of transitusers. Based on our model, except distance, travel cost and waitingtime were found to significantly influence the choice. Interestingly,transit users were willing to drive or take a bus to travel a little bitfurther towards their destination in order to decrease transitwaiting time and travel cost. Two more variables—traffic congestionand travel comfort—although not captured by the model, werefound to be applicable to this situation from our survey interviews.Many of the respondents preferred driving rather than using publictransport due to convenience and comfort. However, when there isa trade-off between convenience and travel time, they optimisedtheir trips by choosing a transit station along their trip (Debrezion,G., et al., 2009). In addition, land use diversity could affect stationchoice (Badoe and Miller, 2000; Cervero, 1996). For example, alarge shopping center, Westfield Carousel, was indicated by ourrespondents as one of reasons they chose Cannington station. Thenearest station choice rate for Cannington station is only 26.9%.Some limitations of this study are that limited variable datawere collected (12 variables considered). In addition, due tocorrelation between variables, some variables such as travel time(correlated with distance), inbound and out bound trip (correlatedwith distance), train frequency (correlated with waiting time)were manually removed from model. More variables such as trafficcongestion and land use diversity should be considered in thefuture study.Another limitation of the study is that some of respondents hada misunderstanding of the survey question of “Where and whendid you start that trip” which was used to collect the location of therespondents’ origin, especially those who were interviewed in theafternoon. They thought the place they departed in the morningwas their origin, while some of themfilled in the location of theactivity immediately before they left for a station. Although wehave removed some unreasonable results manually, there was stillsome ambiguity in the data. The other aspect is related togeocoding. Due to missing data of the landmark and street datafrom the survey, we have used the centroid location streets orsuburbs as a substitution, which could reduce the accuracy ofgeocoding. In next survey, we will improve the questionnairedesign to cater for this.From a public transport policy point view, the result of thepaper indicates that attention should be paid to the transit userswho chose non-captive stations because more uncertainty wasinvolved in non-captive station choice than captive station choice.This randomness could due to reasons such as, late departure, lesslikelihood to get parking in the nearest station and multi-trippurpose. Our future work will further investigate how muchrandomness could be involved in the station choice behaviour.This study provides evidence as to why some transit users donot choose the nearest station from their origin. The results of thisstudy will be of importance to public transit policy makers, urbanplanners and researchers, particularly the Public TransportAuthority, to understand transit choice behaviours. Thereforepublic transport policies such as adjustments of travel fees andimproving station service and facilities, could be developed. Themajor contribution of this study is the development of a systematicapproach for identifying variables affecting the nearest stationchoice. The method is reproducible and generalisable internationallyto other studies.
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