The advantages of Suzuki coupling over other similar reactions are availability of common boronic acids, mild reaction conditions, and its less toxic nature. Boronic acids are less toxic and safer for the environment than organostannane and organozinc compounds. It is easy to remove the inorganic by-products from reaction mixture. Hence, this reaction is beneficial for using relatively cheap and easily prepared reagents. Being able to use water as a solvent[17] makes this reaction more economical, eco-friendly, and capable of using wide variety of water-soluble reagents. There are a wide variety of reagents that can be used for the Suzuki coupling, allowing for its use in many different chemical syntheses. There are reaction conditions that allow aryl- or vinyl-boronic acids and aryl- or vinyl-halides. Work has also extended the scope of the reaction to incorporate alkyl bromides.[18] In addition to many different type of halides being possible for the Suzuki coupling reaction, the reaction also works with pseudohalides such as triflates (OTf), as replacements for halides. The relative reactivity for the coupling partner with the halide or pseudohalide is: R2–I > R2–OTf > R2–Br >> R2–Cl. Boronic esters and organotrifluoroborate salts may be used instead of boronic acids. The catalyst can also be a palladium nanomaterial-based catalyst.[19] With a novel organophosphine ligand (SPhos), a catalyst loading of down to 0.001 mol% has been reported:.[20] These advancements and the diverse number of possibilities for coupling partners, bases and solvents is a large reason why the Suzuki coupling is widely used in research and has recently been utilized in industrial processes for chemical synthesis. Recent applications of the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in organic synthesis have been summarized by Kotha and co-workers.[21]