Shake flask culture Inocula were produced in a 250 mL shake flask containing100 mL of the YM liquid medium. The pre-culture was incubated(180 rpm, 25–27◦C) for 28 h. Palm oil (1 mL) was then added andincubation was continued for a further 12 h at 300 rpm. The cellswere then harvested by centrifugation (7,650 g, 4◦C, 10 min) andrinsed twice, each time by re-suspending in 100 mL of a salinesolution (0.9% w/v (g/100 mL) NaCl). The harvested cells were asep-tically transferred to the production medium in the bioreactor. Theinitial biomass concentration (X0) in the freshly inoculated biore-actor was 0.2–0.3 g L−1.