where hc and hr are the convective and radiative surface heat transfer coefficients (W/m2 K), respectively, T1 is the baking oven temperature (°C), Tr is the oven surface temperature (°C), H is the thickness of product (m), Ub is the lower surface overall heat transfer coefficient (W/ m2 K) that considers the thermal resistance of the cup material (Dxcup/kcup), and given by Eq. (5)