Illustrating an alternative way of looking at futures and stock prices, some researchers focus on the Granger Causal relation between the spot and the futures markets. This includes Schwert (1990), Stoll and Walley (1990), Abhayankar et al (1995), and Annand et al (1986) to mention a few. Some authors have found that futures volume has no effect on changes in the volatility of the spot market. Significant among them include Smith (1989), Santoni (1989).