As Rice saw it, teachers would supply what supervisors reasonably demanded. The schools in those systems in his study where teachers made up their own tests had relatively low levels of achievement, and the schools in the systems where tests were made up by the principals and supplemented by well-devised tests from the superintendent had relatively high levels of achievement. At the end of the article, Rice said that his aim since returning form his visits abroad had been to study not the results of instruction but what he termed "the spirit of the schools." A decade of inquiry and data gathering had led him to conclude that the superintendent and the supervisory staff of a school district were responsible for that spirit. By setting standards and administering examinations, they could get the results they wanted. The firebrand cum researcher was promoting the managerial approach to education.