Number of days to flower opening was significantly affected by
altitude and UV radiation in all cultivars. In general, plants grown
at high altitude required 2–3 more weeks to get visible flower buds
compared to low altitude (Table 2). Plants grown under −UV radiation
flowered 7–10 days earlier in both altitudes as compared
to +UV radiation (Table 2). There was no significant interaction
between altitude and UV radiation in days to flowering. In addition,
UV radiation caused petal blackening in the red color cultivar
(‘Cygein’) and brown spots the petals on the white petal color cultivar
(‘Snow white’).
The shoot length and leaf number were significantly affected by
altitude and UVradiationinallthe cultivars (Table 1).Inallthe cultivars
higher altitude-grown plants had 9–10 cm longer shoots than
those grown under lower altitude regardless of the UV radiation
(Table 2). However, the internode number and number of leaves
were 1.3 and 2 times higher respectively, in lower altitude than
high altitude. UV radiation also significantly affected shoot length
and number of leaves in all cultivars in both altitudes (Table 2).
The reduction in shoot length and leaf number due to UV radiation
was 25–35% and 15–19%, respectively, for all cultivars regardless
of altitude. However, the reduction was more pronounced at low
altitude and plants were on average 10% shorter than high altitudes
plants in all cultivars (Table 2). Even though both altitude and UV
radiation had a significant effect on shoot length, leaf number and
internode number, the strongest reduction in all growth parameters
was mainly due to altitude rather than UV radiation. There
was a significant interaction between altitude and solar UV radiation
on average leaf area (LA) and leaf dry weight (LDW) (Table 2).
LA was reduced by 25–30% by +UV radiation, in both altitudes and
Number of days to flower opening was significantly affected byaltitude and UV radiation in all cultivars. In general, plants grownat high altitude required 2–3 more weeks to get visible flower budscompared to low altitude (Table 2). Plants grown under −UV radiationflowered 7–10 days earlier in both altitudes as comparedto +UV radiation (Table 2). There was no significant interactionbetween altitude and UV radiation in days to flowering. In addition,UV radiation caused petal blackening in the red color cultivar(‘Cygein’) and brown spots the petals on the white petal color cultivar(‘Snow white’).The shoot length and leaf number were significantly affected byaltitude and UVradiationinallthe cultivars (Table 1).Inallthe cultivarshigher altitude-grown plants had 9–10 cm longer shoots thanthose grown under lower altitude regardless of the UV radiation(Table 2). However, the internode number and number of leaveswere 1.3 and 2 times higher respectively, in lower altitude thanhigh altitude. UV radiation also significantly affected shoot lengthand number of leaves in all cultivars in both altitudes (Table 2).The reduction in shoot length and leaf number due to UV radiationwas 25–35% and 15–19%, respectively, for all cultivars regardlessof altitude. However, the reduction was more pronounced at lowaltitude and plants were on average 10% shorter than high altitudesplants in all cultivars (Table 2). Even though both altitude and UVradiation had a significant effect on shoot length, leaf number andinternode number, the strongest reduction in all growth parameterswas mainly due to altitude rather than UV radiation. Therewas a significant interaction between altitude and solar UV radiationon average leaf area (LA) and leaf dry weight (LDW) (Table 2).LA was reduced by 25–30% by +UV radiation, in both altitudes and
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