This study uses the concepts of knowledge, perceptions and
practices, which have been widely applied in previous studies
analyzing smallholder farmers' pest management decisions in
developing countries (e.g. Recena et al., 2006; Brown and
Khamphoukeo, 2010; Lagerkvist et al., 2012; Khan et al., 2014,
2015; Adam et al., 2015). Such assessment tells us what people
knowabout the problem, how they feel about it, what they perceive
to be the severity and cause of the problem, and what actions they
currently take to deal with it. It assumes that changes in farmers'
practices are the cumulative result of changes in farmers' knowledge,
attitudes and perceptions. Attitudes and perceptions are
closely related and our study only focused the latter.