An Inexpensive Mechanical Model for
Projectile Motion
David Kagan, California State University, Chico, Chico, CA
As experienced physicists, we see the beauty and sim-
plicity of projectile motion. It is merely the superpo-
sition of uniform linear motion along the direction
of the initial velocity vector and the downward motion due
to the constant acceleration of gravity. We see the kinematic
equations as just the mathematical machinery to perform
the calculations. What do our students see? Likely, most see
no deeper than the operational understanding needed to use
the kinematic equations. Described below is a device (shown
in Fig. 1) that illustrates the physicist’s view of projectile
motion. It can be used as a classroom demonstration or as a
project for your students, and it costs less than three dollars
to make.
Ayers1 was the first to describe this type of demonstra-
tion. A lecture demo-sized version can be viewed at the North
Carolina State University Physics Demonstrations website.2
The advantage to the version presented here is that it can be
made cheaply as a student project from readily available items,
and it allows for easy variation of the magnitude of the initial
velocity. The parts list includes a 7/16-x-36-in wooden dowel,
a small eye screw, some beads, thread, and a ¼-in braided
elastic band.
Cut a 2–3-cm piece off the end of the dowel. Insert the eye
screw in one end of the dowel. The elastic band is attached
to the dowel near the other end, run down the length of the
dowel and through the eye screw. Pull the elastic so that it is
somewhat taut and tie it off on the short piece cut from the
dowel.
Now calculate (or better yet, have your students calcu-
late) the distance an object falls after 0.04 s, 0.08 s, 0.12 s, etc.
Hang beads at these lengths from the elastic band at inter-
vals around 3 cm. Now, hold the stick horizontally allowing
the beads to hang vertically. The trajectory of a horizontally
thrown object is manifest. Pulling on the elastic causes the tra-
jectory to change as if the initial velocity was increased. The
demonstration shows that while the ball goes further before it
lands, it still lands at the same time.
As explained by others3 the device can also be used to
understand the motion of a projectile with an initial veloc-
ity above or below the horizontal. The effect of changing the
magnitude of the velocity can again be illustrated by pulling
on the elastic. The device also can be used to address the un-
derlying physics of the maximum range occurring at 45o
and
the subtleties of the monkey/hunter problem.
As physicists we understand that projectile motion is com-
pletely determined by the initial velocity vector and gravita-
tional free fall. Now perhaps your students can develop that
insight more easily.
Fig. 1. The wooden dowel represents the direction of the magni-
tude of the initial velocity vector. The hanging beads trace out the
resulting trajectory. Pulling on the elastic shows the trajectory for
a higher initial speed.