However, a limitation of the results presented in Fig. 5 lies in the fact that they are from the operations at a fixed dosage of catalyst (i.e., 5%). It is of interest to evaluate the catalytic activity of the catalysts at various dosages. For this end, NaOH (the best catalyst identified in Fig. 5) was tested at various dosages ranging from 0 to 12.5% and the results are presented in Fig. 6. As clearly shown in Fig. 6, the effect of NaOH on bio-oil and SR yields was strongly dependent on the dosage of catalyst. An increasing NaOH load corresponded to a decrease in SR yield (from 44.6% without NaOH to 31.5% with 12.5% NaOH), indicating an enhanced biomass conversion efficiency. For catalyst dosages lower than 2.5%, there
was no obvious promoting effect to the bio-oil production. When the dosage of NaOH exceeded 2.5%, the yield of bio-oil continuously increased and leveled off at catalyst dosages higher than 7.5%. The possible reason may be that the catalyst not only promotes depolymerization but also re-polymerization. The latter process may dominate the former at high catalyst concentrations (dosages) [22].
However, a limitation of the results presented in Fig. 5 lies in the fact that they are from the operations at a fixed dosage of catalyst (i.e., 5%). It is of interest to evaluate the catalytic activity of the catalysts at various dosages. For this end, NaOH (the best catalyst identified in Fig. 5) was tested at various dosages ranging from 0 to 12.5% and the results are presented in Fig. 6. As clearly shown in Fig. 6, the effect of NaOH on bio-oil and SR yields was strongly dependent on the dosage of catalyst. An increasing NaOH load corresponded to a decrease in SR yield (from 44.6% without NaOH to 31.5% with 12.5% NaOH), indicating an enhanced biomass conversion efficiency. For catalyst dosages lower than 2.5%, therewas no obvious promoting effect to the bio-oil production. When the dosage of NaOH exceeded 2.5%, the yield of bio-oil continuously increased and leveled off at catalyst dosages higher than 7.5%. The possible reason may be that the catalyst not only promotes depolymerization but also re-polymerization. The latter process may dominate the former at high catalyst concentrations (dosages) [22].
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