Figure 5 | Comparative proteomic analysis of R. toruloides during lipid production . ( a ) The overlap of proteins (at least two occurrences within three
replicates) that were identifi ed by LC-MS / MS in the ‘ Seed ’ (the preculture, which was in YPD medium for 36 h; lipid content 9.8 % ), “ 24 h ” (the culture
in nitrogen-limited medium for 24 h; lipid content 37 % ) and ‘ 96 h ’ (the culture in nitrogen-limited medium for 96 h lipid content 63 % ) samples. ( b ) The
number of differentially expressed proteins between the ‘ Seed’, ‘ 24 h’ and ‘ 96 h’ samples. ( c ) Correlation analysis of proteins that were found in the ‘ 24 h’
and ‘ 96 h’ samples. ( d ) Upregulated proteins that were related to the NCR process. ( e ) Expression level changes of proteins that were involved in lipid
metabolism. ( f ) Expression level changes of proteins that were involved in central carbon metabolism. The average ± s.e.m. of the normalized spectral
counts (y axis) is presented (for d , e and f ).