From Table 1, one can see that there are effective programs that focus on each level of intervention,
although the majority of evaluated programs target individual-level influences. At the individual
level, there is support for use of cognitive-behavioral multidimensional programs, particularly those
that combine generic problem-solving skills (a structured method for solving interpersonal conflicts)
with other cognitive skills (e.g., perspective taking and moral reasoning). Furthermore, programs that
provide for extensions into real-life skills and situations appear to be more effective than others, and
behavior modification in real-life settings has shown promise. There is some evidence that individual
analytic and supportive psychotherapy can work if it is part of a larger structured program. However,
the overall evidence argues against its use. It is less effective than other approaches (Kazdin et al.,
1992) and may have harmful effects (Guttman, 1976). Similarly, intensive casework has been
evaluated numerous times and has failed to show a positive effect; at times, negative effects have
been shown. Biomedical approaches have produced equivocal results and appear to be indicated only
for extremely violent youth.
From Table 1, one can see that there are effective programs that focus on each level of intervention,although the majority of evaluated programs target individual-level influences. At the individuallevel, there is support for use of cognitive-behavioral multidimensional programs, particularly thosethat combine generic problem-solving skills (a structured method for solving interpersonal conflicts)with other cognitive skills (e.g., perspective taking and moral reasoning). Furthermore, programs thatprovide for extensions into real-life skills and situations appear to be more effective than others, andbehavior modification in real-life settings has shown promise. There is some evidence that individualanalytic and supportive psychotherapy can work if it is part of a larger structured program. However,the overall evidence argues against its use. It is less effective than other approaches (Kazdin et al.,1992) and may have harmful effects (Guttman, 1976). Similarly, intensive casework has beenevaluated numerous times and has failed to show a positive effect; at times, negative effects havebeen shown. Biomedical approaches have produced equivocal results and appear to be indicated onlyfor extremely violent youth.
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