Prejudice becomes active discrimination when people in organizations treat minority members unfairly and deny them full membership benefits. Discrimination was evident in the résumés study described earlier. And prejudice also becomes discrimination when a male or female manager refuses to promote a working mother in the belief that “she has too many parenting responsibilities to do a good job at this level.” Scholar Judith Rosener suggests that employment discrimination of any form comes at a high cost—not just to the individuals involved, but also to society. The organization’s loss for any discriminatory practices, she says, is “undervalued and underutilized human capital.”