1.4. Measures
1.4.1. Task engagement
To test whether attention to task instructions was equivalent
between the mindfulness and control conditions, participants
were asked to rate their lack of attentiveness three
times during each attention training session, following procedures
for assessing probe-caught mind wandering
described in Mrazek et al. (2012). At the sound of a chime,
participants were asked to rate how inattentive they were to
the task instructions from 1 (completely on task) to 5 (completely
focused on task-unrelated concerns), where higher
ratings indicated less attentiveness to task instructions. The
three chimes were pre-recorded so that all participants rated
their attentiveness at the same time in a particular training
session. The three ratings were summed to produce a total
inattentiveness score for each day of training.
1.4.2. Training expectancy
Directly after each training session, participants were given a
four-item questionnaire assessing their beliefs about the
efficacy and relevancy of the training on a scale from 1
(Not at All) to 9 (Very Much). Two thinking and two feeling
items were adapted from the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire
(Devilly and Borkovec, 2000) for the present study.
They were: ‘‘At this point, how logical does the attention
training offered to you seem?’’; ‘‘How confident would you be
in recommending this attention training program to a friend
who wants to improve their attentional focus?’’; ‘‘At this
point, how much do you feel that attention training will help
your cognitive performance at the end of the study?’’; ‘‘How
much do you feel that the techniques you learn in this
program will be worth your time and effort?’’. Higher scores
refer to greater positive expectancies about the perceived
benefits of their training for performance. The four questions
were summed to produce a composite training expectancy
score for each day of the training: day one Cronbach’s
a = .88, day two a = .92, day three a = .93.
1.4. Measures
1.4.1. Task engagement
To test whether attention to task instructions was equivalent
between the mindfulness and control conditions, participants
were asked to rate their lack of attentiveness three
times during each attention training session, following procedures
for assessing probe-caught mind wandering
described in Mrazek et al. (2012). At the sound of a chime,
participants were asked to rate how inattentive they were to
the task instructions from 1 (completely on task) to 5 (completely
focused on task-unrelated concerns), where higher
ratings indicated less attentiveness to task instructions. The
three chimes were pre-recorded so that all participants rated
their attentiveness at the same time in a particular training
session. The three ratings were summed to produce a total
inattentiveness score for each day of training.
1.4.2. Training expectancy
Directly after each training session, participants were given a
four-item questionnaire assessing their beliefs about the
efficacy and relevancy of the training on a scale from 1
(Not at All) to 9 (Very Much). Two thinking and two feeling
items were adapted from the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire
(Devilly and Borkovec, 2000) for the present study.
They were: ‘‘At this point, how logical does the attention
training offered to you seem?’’; ‘‘How confident would you be
in recommending this attention training program to a friend
who wants to improve their attentional focus?’’; ‘‘At this
point, how much do you feel that attention training will help
your cognitive performance at the end of the study?’’; ‘‘How
much do you feel that the techniques you learn in this
program will be worth your time and effort?’’. Higher scores
refer to greater positive expectancies about the perceived
benefits of their training for performance. The four questions
were summed to produce a composite training expectancy
score for each day of the training: day one Cronbach’s
a = .88, day two a = .92, day three a = .93.
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