In a summary of research of this kind (Blum. 1984, p. 3-6), twelve characteristics of effective teaching were identified: humreou 1. Instruction is guided by a preplanned curriculum. Ims Gim? 2. There are high expectations for student learning and 3. Students are carefully oriented to lessons. 2ru ko "lunw sonu m13eu 4. Instruction is clear and focused. Powoen 5. Learning progress is monitored closely. upoen 6. When students do not understand, they are retaught. 7. Class time is used for learning DAnev)uwon&M nmen%M 8. There are smooth and efficient classroom routines. hNT vlmm 9. Instructional groups formed in the classroom fit instructional needs. Iwam l 10. Standards for classroom behavior are high rnnt nsr non 13 11. Personal interactions between teachers and students are positive Jiswaw osnuiniinu 12. Incentives and rewards for students are used to promote excellence. b AN umy Advocates of effective teaching use findings of this kind as guidelines to train teachers. An approach to teaching which reflects these principles has been labeled Direct Instruction or Active Teaching.