In Thailand, a major source of both nitrogen and phosphorus is from municipal wastewater. Centralized wastewater treatment plants in Thailand do not significantly remove both nitrogen and phosphorus. Furthermore, septic tank treatment from each house (decentralization treatment) does not remove both nitrogen and phosphorus. Applications of highly phosphorus adsorbing materials which provide growth medium for nitrogen-removing bacteria to effluents from stabilization pond and domestic sewage in septic tanks have been proposed. More extensive sewage piping networks are needed in cities to efficiently route more domestic wastewater to centralized treatment plants for nutrient removal.