This paper examines the following question: if individual investors calculate the present value of riskless taxable cash flows by discounting such riskless after-tax cashflows with the after-tax riskless interest rate, and different investors have different tax
rates, what investment rule should a company follow, independently of its
borrowing/dividend policy, if it wants to ensure that it does not accept projects
which one or more of its shareholders would prefer not be accepted. If the corporation
invests, it can pay out as a taxable dividend the future after-tax cash inflow when it is
received, or borrow against the future after-tax cash inflow and pay the proceeds of the
borrowing out now as a taxable dividend.