(c) Subsidiaries and non-controlling interests
Subsidiaries are all entities (including structured entities) over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the
Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns
through its power over the entity.
An investment in a subsidiary is consolidated into the consolidated financial statements from the date that control commences until
the date that control ceases. Intra-group balances and transactions and any unrealized gains arising from intra-group transactions
are eliminated in full in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Unrealized losses resulting from intra-group transactions are
eliminated in the same way as unrealized gains but only to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment. Accounting policies of
subsidiaries would be changed where necessary in the consolidated financial statements to ensure consistency with the policies adopted
by the Company.
Non-controlling interests represent the equity in a subsidiary not attributable directly or indirectly to the Company, and in respect of
which the Group has not agreed any additional terms with the holders of those interests which would result in the Group as a whole
having a contractual obligation in respect of those interests that meets the definition of a financial liability. For each business combination,
the Group can elect to measure any non-controlling interests either at fair value or at their proportionate share of the subsidiary’s net
identifiable assets.
Non-controlling interests are presented in the consolidated balance sheet within equity, separately from equity attributable to the equity
shareholders of the Company. Non-controlling interests in the results of the Group are presented on the face of the consolidated
statement of comprehensive income as an allocation of the total profit or loss and total comprehensive income for the year between
non-controlling interests and the equity shareholders of the Company.
Changes in the Group’s interests in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions, whereby
adjustments are made to the amounts of controlling and non-controlling interests within consolidated equity to reflect the change in
relative interests, but no adjustments are made to goodwill and no gain or loss is recognized.
When the Group loses control of a subsidiary, it is accounted for as a disposal of the entire interest in that subsidiary, with a resulting gain
or loss being recognized in profit or loss. Any interest retained in that former subsidiary at the date when control is lost is recognized at
fair value and this amount is regarded as the fair value on initial recognition of a financial asset or, when appropriate, the cost on initial
recognition of an investment in an associate or a joint venture.
In the Company’s balance sheet, an investment in a subsidiary is stated at cost less impairment losses (see note 2(j)). The results of
subsidiaries are accounted for by the Company on the basis of dividends received and receivable.
(c) Subsidiaries and non-controlling interests
Subsidiaries are all entities (including structured entities) over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the
Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns
through its power over the entity.
An investment in a subsidiary is consolidated into the consolidated financial statements from the date that control commences until
the date that control ceases. Intra-group balances and transactions and any unrealized gains arising from intra-group transactions
are eliminated in full in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Unrealized losses resulting from intra-group transactions are
eliminated in the same way as unrealized gains but only to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment. Accounting policies of
subsidiaries would be changed where necessary in the consolidated financial statements to ensure consistency with the policies adopted
by the Company.
Non-controlling interests represent the equity in a subsidiary not attributable directly or indirectly to the Company, and in respect of
which the Group has not agreed any additional terms with the holders of those interests which would result in the Group as a whole
having a contractual obligation in respect of those interests that meets the definition of a financial liability. For each business combination,
the Group can elect to measure any non-controlling interests either at fair value or at their proportionate share of the subsidiary’s net
identifiable assets.
Non-controlling interests are presented in the consolidated balance sheet within equity, separately from equity attributable to the equity
shareholders of the Company. Non-controlling interests in the results of the Group are presented on the face of the consolidated
statement of comprehensive income as an allocation of the total profit or loss and total comprehensive income for the year between
non-controlling interests and the equity shareholders of the Company.
Changes in the Group’s interests in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions, whereby
adjustments are made to the amounts of controlling and non-controlling interests within consolidated equity to reflect the change in
relative interests, but no adjustments are made to goodwill and no gain or loss is recognized.
When the Group loses control of a subsidiary, it is accounted for as a disposal of the entire interest in that subsidiary, with a resulting gain
or loss being recognized in profit or loss. Any interest retained in that former subsidiary at the date when control is lost is recognized at
fair value and this amount is regarded as the fair value on initial recognition of a financial asset or, when appropriate, the cost on initial
recognition of an investment in an associate or a joint venture.
In the Company’s balance sheet, an investment in a subsidiary is stated at cost less impairment losses (see note 2(j)). The results of
subsidiaries are accounted for by the Company on the basis of dividends received and receivable.
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