This study, however, was designed to be inclusive of a broad range of factors. A variety of schools, students, teachers, and mathematics classes were represented. The schools in the study were large and small, urban and suburban, single-gender and
coeducational; the principal characteristic they have in common is that they are Catholic schools. The participants in the study were varied as well. The students varied by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, religion, and mathematical ability. The teachers had
varying classroom experience, ranging from one year to almost 40 years; in addition,
some teachers were trained as mathematics teachers, while others were not. Mathematics classes included both elective and required courses at every level (freshman to senior), from algebra to calculus. Any future research based on this study should be designed to be as broadly inclusive.